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When steering becomes a signal

Steer-by-wire replaces the conventional mechanical steering link with an electronic control path, requiring carefully engineered redundancy.

Production example

NIO’s ET9 integrates ZF steer-by-wire into its SkyRide chassis. The two companies announced the start of serial production of this steering system in 2025.

A wider chassis

The ET9 also combines rear-wheel steering with fully active suspension. Steering and suspension are different functions, even when one chassis controller coordinates their behaviour.

North American parallel

Tesla’s Cybertruck also uses steer-by-wire and four-wheel steering. Its manual describes redundant sensors and actuators. Implementation and fallback behaviour are model-specific.

THE IDEA TO KEEPA sophisticated chassis is a coordinated safety-critical system, not merely a steering wheel with fewer turns.
RELATED APPROACHES

Different companies. Related engineering.

China / EuropeNIO + ZF

ET9 steer-by-wire

North AmericaTesla

Cybertruck steer-by-wire

Examples identify a shared engineering theme; specifications, implementation and availability differ by vehicle and market.

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Sources & further reading

Sources reviewed 14 November 2026. Specifications and availability depend on the product, market and date. Source organisations do not endorse this website.

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